April - June 2025, Volume 21, Issue 2

Yalcin BY, Bayram ZG, Bektas F, Mutlu U, Hacisahinogullari H, Yenidunya Yalin G, Gul N, Soyluk Selcukbiricik O, Meral R, Ozturker C, Tuncer S, Tanakol R, Aral F, Uzum AK

Clinical Outcomes of Intravenous Glucocorticoid Therapy with or without Orbital Radiotherapy or Mycophenolate Mofetil in Active Graves' Orbitopathy

Acta Endo (Buc) 2025, 21 (2): 227-233
doi: 10.4183/aeb.2025.227

Objective. Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by proptosis, diplopia, and extraocular motility restriction. Intravenous glucocorticoids (IVGC) are the mainstay of treatment in active moderate-to-severe GO; however, some patients require additional therapy. This study compared the clinical outcomes of IVGC alone and in combination with orbital radiotherapy (RT) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Methods. Forty patients with active moderate-tosevere GO (Clinical Activity Score ≥3) treated between 2015 and 2023 were included. Patients were grouped as IVGC monotherapy (n=24), IVGC+RT (n=8), and IVGC+MMF (n=8). Outcomes included CAS, proptosis (Hertel exophthalmometry), diplopia, and motility restriction at baseline and 6 months. Results. CAS significantly decreased in all groups (p<0.001). A ≥2-point reduction in CAS was observed in 91.7% of the IVGC group and in all combination therapy groups (p=1.000). Proptosis reduction ≥2 mm occurred in 57.1%, 100%, and 71.4% of patients in the IVGC, IVGC+RT, and IVGC+MMF groups, respectively (p=0.534). No statistically significant differences were detected in diplopia or motility outcomes between treatment groups. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously given the limited sample size and unequal group distribution. Conclusion. IVGC effectively reduces disease activity in active moderate-to-severe GO. Although combination therapies showed numerically favorable trends in some outcomes, the retrospective design, unequal treatment allocation, and limited sample size preclude definitive conclusions regarding comparative efficacy between treatment strategies. Larger prospective studies are warranted to better delineate the role of combination approaches in active moderate-to-severe GO.

Keywords: Graves’ orbitopathy, intravenous glucocorticoids, orbital radiotherapy, mycophenolate mofetil, clinical activity score.

Correspondence: Betul Yigit Yalcin, MD, Istanbul University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul, Topkapi, Turgut Ozal Millet Cd, 34093 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkiye, E-mail: byigit667@gmail.com